The Human Right Of Free Speech And Intellectual Property...

Former soldier and media commentator Ralph Peters once said: â€Å"The great paradox of the 21st century is that, in this age of powerful technology, the biggest problems we face internationally are problems of the human soul.† As technology continues to rapidly evolve, ethics in technology has become an increasingly prevalent issue. A common misconception maintains that everyone has the same set of ethics, but the reality is quite different. No human is exactly the same, therefore it stands to reason that not everyone would share the same opinion on what is and is not ethical behavior. This essay is an exploration into the five main schools of thought when discussing ethics in technology. While there are many issues that these systems address, I have, for simplicities sake, chosen to discuss only the issues of the human right of free speech and intellectual property rights. Before diving into the types of ethical systems, I will offer a brief definition of human right issues and intellectual property rights. Human rights are defined by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is â€Å"Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.† The idea of human rights originates from the ideas of philosopher JohnShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Property Rights And Digital Pirating1364 Words   |  6 PagesINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND DIGITAL PIRATING Luke Telfer STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE The idea of intellectual property can be traced back to ancient Greece with the first known reference involving the protection of culinary recipes developed by chefs. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, â€Å"intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.† The violation of intellectual property rightsRead MoreTrans-Pacific Partnership621 Words   |  3 Pagesthis list. The Agreement provides changes to existing laws of member countries. WikiLeaks has published only one chapter entitled Intellectual Property (Rights) Chapter, which deals with the protection of intellectual property, as well as the bargaining position of the representatives of all 12 countries. Chapter has 95 pages and covers such areas as health care, civil rights, Internet services, publishing. The text of the chapter goes about provisions on patents, copyright, industrial design and trademarkRead MoreSecurity And Stability Of Internet1469 Words   |  6 Pagesmusic, videos, text messages, GPS coordinates, etc. Most of the software today require access to Internet before you can download them to your computer. Internet has changed humankind in several ways, including the way people illegally share media property to each other. In the past the unauthorized copyright of any computer program or software was possible only through the physical exchange of disks or other hard media either by mail or on the street. Today, based on a report issued by the SoftwareRead MoreIntellectual Property Rights, Copyrights, Patents, And Trade Secrets2320 Words   |  10 PagesMid-Term Exam 1. Intellectual Property Rights: Intellectual Property Rights are right for a person, company or organization to have privilege for their own ideas, plans, innovations and creativity to be protected for a certain period of time by copyrights, trademarks, patents and trade secrets.[1] In today’s world, the new emerging technologies allow people to easily violate the intellectual property rights of others. The emerging technologies like computer and communications have made easierRead MoreThe United Arab Emirates1279 Words   |  6 Pagesbalance of modernization and tradition. The United States of America has an important participation in this endeavor.Different beliefs, opinions, and views from people inside and outside the United Arab Emiratesabound regarding the matter involving free speech, media, and trademark laws in the country. The foundation and goal that was set by the UAE government in creating these laws resulted in the similarities and differences of the perspectives of the society. The events in UAE have considerable effectRead MoreBehind the Stop Online Piracy Act Bill (SOPA): Copyright, Censorhip, and Free Speech1539 Words   |  7 PagesSOPA: Copyright, Censorship and Free speech At the beginning of 2012, a series of coordinated protests occurred online and offline against Stop Online Piracy Act Bill (SOPA) that expands U.S. law enforcement’s ability to combat online copyright infringement. As this protest involved many influential websites like Google and Wikipedia, it certainly draws national attention on SOPA. Whether censorship should be used online against online materials infringing property rights, as included in SOPA, is theRead MoreReview on the Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. ------------------ Frederick Engels |1281 Words   |  6 PagesReview on The origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. ------------------ Frederick Engels | Submitted by Md. Hafizur Rahman Sikder 8th semester; Sec: B; Roll no: 418 Curse no: 801 | Submitted to Kazi Mohammad Mahbobor Rahman Lecturer , dept. of Political Science University of Dhaka | Review outlineRead MoreAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 Pagesand France, encouraging the American and French Revolutions. The Enlightenment brought about a new age of philosophical and intellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. John Locke is recognized as the father of classical liberalism, introducing the Two Treatises of Government, Social Contract, and private property, which formed the basis for the constitutions in westernized democratic powers such as the United States of America and theRead MoreThe Enlightenment Ideas Of The American Revolution1423 Words   |  6 Pagessort this problem out. However, the people of America wanted to be free from England, so with the help of the Enlightenment thinkers and the philosophers, they started an attack to the English soldiers. That is how the war with England began and it is known as the Revolutionary War. The American Revolution was influenced by the ideas whic h was caused by the Enlightenment. This act was meant to force mostly on equality, freedom of speech, freedom of press, and religious tolerance. The period where AmericaRead MorePolitical Philosphies of Liberalism726 Words   |  3 Pagesthe natural right theory and two fundamental ideas on liberalism: the economic and the intellectual liberty. The natural right theory argued that â€Å"life, liberty and property†. It was the classical liberalism at that time and it was a new way to see human possibilities. â€Å"Classical liberalism is founded upon a notion of free rights for every person, including freedom of speech and freedom of religion.† This was also for free market economy, and only little intrusion on private property by the government

Animal Testing Must Be Banned Essay - 1014 Words

Canary in the kitchen detects carbon monoxide! Animal testing must be banned for unnecessary tests. Animals should not be guinea pigs. Animals still feel the pain when they are injected with medicine just like humans. Humans can defend themselves and stop the pain, but the animals get strapped down and cannot move. It is better to have tests run on animals because animals will help find cures faster. Animal testing must be banned for unnecessary tests because a lot of animals are dying for no reason. Ninety-four percent of animal testing is done to determine the safety of cosmetics and household products (Animal Testing 1). That only leaves six percent for medical research (1). Ninety percent of all animals used in research are rats and†¦show more content†¦Corneal transplants were delayed for 90 years and blood transfusion were delayed 200 years due to animal studies (1). Less then two percent of human illnesses of 1.16% are ever seen in animals (1). Scientists believe that by performing these tests on animals is to ensure the safety of the new drugs (HIV drugs, vaccines and animal testing 2). Also to see whether such products might be effective in humans (2). Finally for general research into the biology of an animal, or the function and action of certain diseases within their bodies (2). Animal safety tests usually come at the end of the long process of safety date co llection that may include testing the product ‘ in vitro’ and using a computer program to simulate what might happen to the drug inside the body (2). The regulations on what safety data is required for a new product vary from country to country, but more drug authorities require all three types of data (2). Animals are fairly poor substitutes for humans because the compounds that are released in the animals bodies might be harmful, but could kill a human (2). Result in this was an anti-inflammatory drug that caused major organ failure in six men involved in a trial at Northwick Park Hospital in London, England in 2006 (2). Such occurrences are rare (2). HIV is a retrovirus to humans which it is rarely found in any animals (2). Some African primates are naturally infected with SIV which is believed to beShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals are sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing And The Scientific Field1305 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific field, people find that the richest discoveries in health or medicine generally depend on animal testing. According to Animal Testing in the History of Anesthesia: Now and Then, Some Stories, Some Facts, the writer says, â€Å"There are many interesting anecdotes, [†¦] about how dogs have been loved, named and tested by many anesthesiologists, [†¦]. However, the contribution of experiments on animals such as rabbit, monkey, mice, guinea pigs etc., also played a significant role i n the evolutionRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned866 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate whether animal testing should be banned or continued. Many scientists believe that a human’s life is superior to an animal’s life. Others, like me, believe that animal testing is good for medicine use and not cosmetics. In my prospective, as well as many others will agree, beauty is far less important than a living creature. For centuries now, animal testing has helped scientist develop new cures for diseases, health conditions and even the development of new technology. Animal testing has beenRead MoreThe Importance Of Animal Testing857 Words   |  4 Pagescomes to animal testing. A considerable amount of people believe that examinations s hould be banned, others think it should be continued. According to NCBI, animals have been utilized repeatedly since 384 BC. This disagreement has been debated since before the 1920’s and is still continuing. The main opposing point of animal examinations, is the extent of the experiment used on the animal. But, if scientists did not take part in animal testing, humans safety would be in danger. Although animals shouldRead MoreCost-Benefit Analysis Of The Ethics Of Animal Testing1606 Words   |  7 Pagesthat all animals, including humans, have the same right to not suffer or be harmed. A cost-benefit analysis justifying these types of experiments should be used to evaluate the appropriateness of using animals for the research. The United Kingdom has adopted this perspective calling for a complete ban on all experiments that cause more harm to the animals than would be of benefit to humans. The United Kingdom has historically been a leader in terms of regulating animal rese arch and has banned the useRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animals’ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Testing1534 Words   |  7 Pageswhat most do not know is that a couple or couple hundred, animals were killed to approve, by law, of that product. This act is called animal testing, which is the method or experiment that forces an animal to go through any harm or distress (Thew). I do not agree with this practice simply because it harms innocent animals for products that we do not need to survive or remain with. I believe animal testing tortures innocent and helpless a nimals, by containing them in tight spaces, with chemicals drenchedRead MoreAnimal Experiments Or Torture?924 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"experiments.† This is the life many animals in biomedical research are forced to live . Nowadays, most of the animal experiments are conducted on mice, rats, fish, and other animals that are excluded from the Animal Welfare Act of 1966. Animal experiments cause psychological and physical harm to the animals with a complete lack of respect for their quality of life which is why they must be banned. The effect that biomedical research experiments have on these animals is detrimental. According to the

Restrictiveness of Routine in the “Dead” - 975 Words

According to Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Single Effect Theory†, â€Å"the short story writer should deliberately subordinate everything in the storyï‚ ¾characters, incidents, style, and toneï‚ ¾to [the] brining out of a single, preconceived effect† (qtd. in Reuben). In other words, all elements within a short story have to come together to create tone. One such story is the â€Å"The Dead†, an exceptional conclusion to James Joyce Dubliners (1914) that is a collection of short stories that consist of natural depictions of middle class Irish men and women in the early twentieth century. The primary focus of â€Å"The Dead† concerns not only dead people, but more specifically a dead generation and the living who behave as if they were dead already. Through artistic†¦show more content†¦Lily challenges Gabriel when she produces a defensive statement when he asks her about her love life. Gabriel is unable to handle this â€Å"bump in th e road†, awkwardly changes the subject, and quickly exits the scene. According to Joyce, Gabriel â€Å"was†¦discomposed by the girl’s bitter and sudden retort [as] it cast a gloom over him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (179). Similarly Miss Ivors sends him a barrage of questions about his sympathies with Irish culture. Gabriel is unable to respond to these questions appropriately and so he flees the situation by blurting out that he is â€Å"sick of [his] own country† (189). Once again, Gabriel becomes disconcerted with a loss of control just like the Morkans are disconcerted when Freddy comes late to the party. Overall, Gabriel and the party mirror each other in that they function off of routine and what is expected and become anxious when things exist outside of their comfort zones. All in all, â€Å"The Dead† is a story of contradictions. Gabriel and the others at the party are alive, but they behave as though dead, while Michael Furey who is the only true dead character of the story, lives the most with his intense emotions, ardent love, and unconventional behavior. Furey helps Gabriel realize that life cannot be based off of deadened routines and formal conduct, but instead has to be full of adventure and excitement. In the end, Joyce uses artistic unity to suggest that people can exist

Intelligence And The Theory Of Multiple Intelligences

Taylor Ward Mrs. Behrend AP Seminar December 14, 2015 Intelligence and Socioeconomics According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, intelligence is â€Å"the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills,† though, there are many different perspectives regarding intelligence. Some believe the human species is born with a natural intelligence. Others, consider that possessed intelligence is developed by the interactions and experiences of an individual. The ongoing argument of whether a genius born or made is still inconclusive. However, one thing we are certain of is that intelligence plays into one’s financial status. There are no restrictions placed on what type of intelligence, just simply the intelligence one uses to thrive. Founder of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Howard Gardner, would likely agree. The Professor at Harvard University created the Theory of Multiple Intelligences which states that rather than intelligence being considered a single ability, intelligence is viewed by different â€Å"modaliti es.† (Lane et al.) Therefore, whether discussing Kim Kardashian-West who possesses interpersonal intelligence, allowing her to interact with others efficiently, or Albert Einstein, renowned for obtaining logical-mathematical intelligence, granting him the famous the ability to think outside of the box to analyze patterns and relationships, intelligence has an impact on income. Throughout this paperreport, the author will discuss what affects intelligence and howShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Intelligence, And Multiple Intelligences Theory1977 Words   |  8 Pagesthe origins , factors of Intelligence. Thinkers from as early as the Greek school of philosophy pondered what made one man smart ,and another dull. Early england thought that they could correlate the size of a man’s head with his intelligence. Though it was only when psychologists started testing people using exams aimed at cognitive processes did real scientific theories start to emerge. The question I began with when starting this project is, What theory of intelligence most accurately models itRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences1489 Words   |  6 Pagesrelated to intelligence cognitive and learning as a style of individual differences, explanation the complex process of learning through of the intelligences. Howards Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences thirty years ago, explain the intelligence is the profile and each individual has different ways to learn, he affirm has seven intelligences differ in their thinking, feeling, and behavior. â€Å"No two people are alike, yet no two people are unlike† Gardner (1983). Gardner s theory has beenRead MoreThe Theory of Multiple Intelligence1511 Words   |  6 PagesTheory of Multiple Intelligence Theory of Multiple Intelligence Intelligence is defined as the mental ability of a person to learn and understand effectively and efficiently what is happening around. If any person is considered good enough in communication, understanding and learning, logical reasoning, facts and figures, general knowledge, ability to interpret information and other alike mental activities which account for personal growth, we say that he/she is wise and intelligent. UnfortunatelyRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences1345 Words   |  6 Pagesit depends on their learning ability and intelligence. Intelligence is conventionally defined as a uniform cognitive capacity with which people are born. Howard Gardner defines intelligence as the ability to solve problems, or to create products that are valued within one or more cultural settings. Today, there are nine distinct intelligences. Some of these include musical, interpersonal, existential and a few more (2004). The Theory of Multiple Intelligences has helped students tha t learn, rememberRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences3232 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, developed by Howard Gardner is the psychological theory regarding intelligence. Looking at Multiple Intelligences through the field of education we will explore what the different Multiple Intelligences are and how you engage each intelligence in the classroom. While there are further implications for Multiple Intelligences, MI, that are relevant to other fields, the focus is on the relevance of MI in the elementary and middle school classroomsRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences1889 Words   |  8 Pagesthe theory of multiple intelligences in relation to Nelson Mandela; it will be split into three main sections. Firstly, explaining the theory of multiple intelligence as a whole, then giving a brief biography of Nelson Mandela and his life achievements. Finally, I will focus in more detail on one particular category of intelligence in Gardner’s theory; interpersonal intelligence. One of the multiple intelligence s stated by Gard ner s theory. This part of the essay will evaluate the theory, by applyingRead MoreTheory of Multiple Intelligences3604 Words   |  15 PagesTheory of multiple intelligences The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by Howard Gardner in 1983 as a model of intelligence that differentiates intelligence into various specific (primarily sensory) modalities[disambiguation needed], rather than seeing it as dominated by a single general ability. Gardner argues that there is a wide range of cognitive abilities, and that there are only very weak correlations among them. For example, the theory predicts that a child who learns to multiplyRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences1226 Words   |  5 Pagesmight work for someone does not necessarily works for everyone. Enabling students to a way of education that takes into accounts their differences will help develop their own personal set of skills. The theory of multiple intelligences, introduced by Howard Gardner, estates that rather than intelligence being one single ability there are eight different abilities that people possess in disparate amounts. These eight abilities are: 1) musical-rhythmic; which deals with rhythms, sounds, tones and musicRead MoreTheory Of Multiple Intelligences Theory1177 Words   |  5 Pages Many theories exist around the world involving many different subjects. Some theories are in the science area while others are in the psychology area. One psychology theory that is used in education is the theory of Multiple Intelligences. The Multiple Intelligences Theory is a theory that shows the nine intelligences all individuals possess, with some individuals being more strong in some intelligences more than the others. Knowing the nine intelligences that exist, it is easier for educators toRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences Theory1827 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is intelligence? Is it how well an individual can excel at academic tasks, emotional tasks, or physical tasks? Can intelligence be measure scientifically and accurately or is it an abstract idea or concept that requires an individual to critically think and come up with an answer? A common interpretation of intelligence is the ability or abilities of an individual’s capacity for: logic, emotion, abstrac t, learning, planning, understanding, memory, self-awareness, creativity, and most important

Lord Woolf’s Reforms Free Essays

Essay Title: â€Å"Although settlement, rather than litigation, poses a number of problems for a civil justice system these matters have been largely resolved by Lord Woolf’s reforms. † What is civil justice system? There are several definitions for the civil justice system. Every civilized system of government requires that the state should make available to all its citizens a means for the just and peaceful settlement of disputes between them as to their respective legal rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Woolf’s Reforms or any similar topic only for you Order Now The means provided are courts of justice to which every citizen has a constitutional right of access. Lord Diplock in Bremer Vulkan Schiffb au and Maschinenfabrik v South India Shipping Corp. [1981] AC 909, HL, p. 976. The justification of a legal system and procedures must be one of lesser evils, that legal resolution of disputes is preferable to blood feuds, rampant crime and violence. M. Bayles, ‘Principles for legal procedure’, Law and Philosophy, 5:1 (1986), 33–57, 57. The first impulse of a rudimentary soul is to do justice by his own hand. Only at the cost of mighty historical efforts has it been possible to supplant in the human soul the idea of self-obtained justice by the idea of justice entrusted to authorities. Eduardo J. Couture, ‘The nature of the judicial process’, Tulane Law Review, 25 (1950), 1–28, 7. There have been over 60 official reports on the subject of civil processing the past. Latest published reports were Evershed Report in 1953, the report of the Winn Committee in 1968, the Cantley Working Party in 1979, the Civil Justice Review in the late 1980s and the Woolf. All those reports are focused on the same objects like how to reduce complexity, delay and the cost of civil litigation. What are the problems before reforms? This is a mere compare of the pre-Woolf and post-Woolf civil landscape without baseline statistics. As research for the Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) on the pre-Woolf litigation landscape (pre-1999) demonstrates that: * 50% – 83% of defended cases in the county courts were personal injury (PI) claims * overall at least 75% of cases were within the small claims or fast track financial limit; in most courts this figure was 85% or more * the higher the value of the claim, the more likely both sides were to have legal representation * PI cases had high settlement rates and a small number of trials. Non-PI cases had a higher proportion of trials, and a much higher proportion of cases withdrawn. Debt cases were most likely to end in trial (38%) and in all of those the claimant succeeded. In 96% of all cases going to trial the claimant was successful * In all types of cases 50% of awards or settlements were for ? 1,000 – ? 5,000, and a further 25% – 33% were for ? 5,000 – ? 10,000. Costs in non-PI cases were relatively modest, and in PI cases around 50% had costs of ? 2,000 or less, 24% had over ? 4,000. Wolf Reforms Lord Woolf’s approach to reform was to encourage the early settlement of disputes through a combination of pre-action protocols, active case management by the courts, and cost penalties for parties who unreasonably refused to attempt negotiation or consider ADR. Such evidence as there is indicates that the Woolf reforms are working, to the extent that pre-action protocols are promoting settlement before application is made to the court; most cases are settling earlier, and fewer cases are settling at the door of the court. In fact, most cases are now settled without a hearing. Lord Woolf, Access to Justice (Final Report, July 1996), identified a number of principles which the civil justice system should meet in order to ensure access to justice. The system should: (a) Be just in the results it delivers; (b) Be fair in the way it treats litigants; (c) Offer appropriate procedures at a reasonable cost; (d) Deal with cases with reasonable speed; (e) Be understandable to those who use it; (f) Be responsive to the needs of those who use it; g) Provide as much certainty as the nature of the particular case allows; and (h) Be effective: adequately resourced and organized. The defects Lord Woolf identified in our present system were that it is: (a) Too expensive in that the costs often exceed the value of the claim; (b) Too slow in bringing cases to a conclusion; (c) Too unequal: there is a lack of equality between the powerful, wealthy litigant and the under resourced litigant; (d) Too uncertain: the difficul ty of forecasting what litigation will cost and how long it will last induces the fear of the unknown; (e) Incomprehensible to many litigants; f) Too fragmented in the way it is organized since there is no one with clear overall responsibility for the administration of civil justice; and (g) Too adversarial as cases are run by the parties, not by the courts and the rules of court, all too often, are ignored by the parties and not enforced by the court. The Basic Reforms of Woolf A system is needed where the courts are responsible for the management of cases. The courts should decide what procedures are suitable for each case; set realistic timetables; and ensure that the procedures and timetables are complied with. Defended cases should be allocated to one of three tracks: (a) An expanded small claims jurisdiction with a financial limit of ? 3,000; (b) A new fast track for straightforward cases up to ? 10,000, with strictly limited procedures, fixed timetables (20-30 weeks to trial) and fixed costs; and (c) A new multi-track for cases above ? 10,000, providing individual hands on management by judicial teams for the heaviest cases, and standard or tailor made directions where these are appropriate. Lord Woolf’s Inquiry was also asked to produce a single, simpler procedural code to apply to civil litigation in the High Court and county courts. The Final Report was accompanied by a draft of the general rules which would form the core of the new code. Pros and Cons of wolf reforms * However, costs have increased, or have at least been front-loaded. In particular, in cases where mediation has been attempted and agreement has not been reached, costs are clearly higher for the parties. * Litigation will be avoided wherever possible. People will be encouraged to start court proceedings to resolve disputes only as a last resort, and after using other more appropriate means when available. * Litigation will be less adversarial and more co-operative. There will be an expectation of openness and co-operation between parties from the outset, supported by pre-litigation protocols on disclosure and experts. * Litigation will be less complex. There will be a single set of rules applying to the High Court and the county courts. The rules will be simpler. * The timescale of litigation will be shorter and more certain. All cases will progress to trial in accordance with a timetable set and monitored by the court. * The cost of litigation will be more affordable, more predictable, and more proportionate to the value and complexity of individual cases. There will be fixed costs for cases on the fast track. Estimates of costs for multi-track cases will be published or approved by the court. * Parties of limited financial means will be able to conduct litigation on a more equal footing. Litigants who are not legally represented will be able to get more help from advice services and from the courts. There will be clear lines of judicial and administrative responsibility for the civil justice system. The Head of Civil Justice will have overall responsibility for the civil justice system. * The structure of the courts and the deployment of judges will be designed to meet the needs of litigants. Heavier and more complex civil cases will be concentrated at trial centers which have the resources needed, incl uding specialist judges, to ensure that the work is dealt with effectively. * Judges will be deployed effectively so that they can manage litigation in accordance with the new rules and protocols. Judges will be given the training they need to manage cases. * The civil justice system will be responsive to the needs of litigants. Courts will provide advice and assistance to litigants through court based or duty advice ; assistance schemes, especially in courts with substantial levels of debt and housing work. Final conclusion It can be concluded, overall the Reforms were supported by both branches of the legal profession, judiciary and both the lay and the legal press welcomed them. Promoting settlement and avoiding litigation can be the iggest boon to litigants who otherwise when get entangled in the costly and everlasting court procedures suffer a lot. The reforms intended to focus on reduction in cost and delay, however they did not escape criticism and reduction in cost is still considered to be a debatable area. But the reforms were a step in the right direction and were deemed triumphant as they have resulted in justice being accessible to wider proportion of society espe cially when problem is of small nature and can be quickly and cheaply dealt with in lower courts. Wholistically, the advantages of the Reforms outshine the disadvantages. The reforms were a positive way for the future; still a lot of work needs to be done in a few areas for making timely, inexpensive justice available to the lay man. Reduction in cost of litigation as a consequence of reforms was not fully realized but nonetheless it cannot be said that reforms had a detrimental impact on civil justice overall as timely exchange of information between the parties does promote culture of co-operation and settlement if not always and as a result of the reforms problem of delay in litigation were well catered. There was a move away from the adversarial culture and increase in out of court settlements was seen. It can be concluded that the foundation stone for a better and prosperous litigation culture has been laid, what needs to be done now is to rectify the shortcomings of the Woolf reforms and build on the so called revolutionary much needed positive reforms aiming to avoid litigation and promoting timely settlement of disputes, so that parties no longer are faced with the never ending litigation process. Bibliography * http://www. lawteacher. net/english-legal-system/lecture-notes/civil-justice-review. php * Cambridge University Press: 978-0-521-11894-1 – Judging Civil Justice: Hazel Genn: Excerpt * D. Gladwell, ‘Modern Litigation Culture: the first six months of the Civil Justice reforms in England and Wales’ 19 Civil Justice Quarterly, 2000 pp. 9-18 * Gary Slapper and David Kelly, The English Legal System 9th edition, Routledge. Cavendish, Chapter 9(The Civil Process), pg 369. * P. How to cite Lord Woolf’s Reforms, Papers

Global Marketing and Advertising Cultural Paradoxes

Question: Discuss about the Global Marketing and Advertising for Cultural Paradoxes. Answer: Introduction: The product is mainly directed towards the social development of the society. Formal marketing is needed to help the customers know about the product. The planting festival might give the organization the recognition that will help them get highlighted in the market but it will also be helpful to make the environment pollution free. The people might not be able to come across such festivals as they do not search themselves. Hence, a formal marketing is needed to make the people aware of such products. The initiative was taken by Queensland Folk Federation in the year 1994 and since then it has seen tremendous growth in the field. The organization is able to sustain a healthy relationship with the industry as it has helped the society to get a healthy environment The multinational companies can act competitors to Queensland Folk Federation as the corporate social responsibility of many companies is directed toward a cleaner and greener environment. The products will have positive influence on the issues relating to sustainability (Burchell, Rettie Patel, 2013). In a place like Australia where concrete development is more, the planting festival will help the citizens get fresh air and will acts as escape from the daily life of the city. Description of product and services The product is mainly aimed at the social development of the society and that is the biggest completive advantage of the product. Pollution is the biggest problem of Australia due to the rise of the urban population and growth if the hospitality industry (Salleh, 2014). In such a situation, Queensland Folk Federation has aimed their business solely to develop a greener environment which will help them get highlighted in the market (McKenzie-Mohr, 2013). Going by the survey that was done for the festival, it has been seen that the interest among the young generation has risen. Hence, the potential target market for the planting festival will be the youths who are nowadays more concerned with the environment and the pollution. In addition to this, the customers who are retired, at times spend their time on farming. Thus, the senior citizens who are above the age group of 60 years will be targeted by Queensland Folk Federation. Once the customers will understand the value of a cleaner and greener environment, they will be able to understand the value of the product (De Mooij, 2013). Thus, the harmful effects of pollution should be told to them while marketing the product. In addition to this camping facilities are available for the customers who have the planted trees earlier as they can now use the shade of those trees for the camping. Recommendations It is recommended to the senior managers to take the following steps to develop a full marketing plan: Do a thorough external market research and study the organizations who work towards plantation. This will help them know the competitors and partners if needed in future Include amenities based on the survey and the suggestion of the visitors The customers should get the tickets easily References Burchell, K., Rettie, R., Patel, K. (2013). Marketing social norms: social marketing and the social norm approach.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,12(1), 1-9. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. McKenzie-Mohr, D. (2013).Fostering sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing. New society publishers. Salleh, A. (2014).Air quality standards 'increase pollution and health risks'.abc.net.au. Retrieved 19 December 2016, from https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/10/01/4097658.htm